England

England joins UN on October 24, 1945

||= Historical Timeline ||= Historical Enemies || ||= Map of Country ||= Flag and Significan ce   || ||= Traditional Clothing ||= Traditional Food ||
 * = Historical Summary
 * = Historical Conflicts
 * = Traditional Cultures

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//Historical Summary// In 5000 BC England was settled by Stone Age men and women who crossed the English Channel, they then introduced farming to the land. These same people created Stonehenge in 2200 BC, it is still a mystery on how they moved so many 2 ton blocks from so far away. From 600-50 BC Celtic people establish their culture throughout England, which was then invaded by Julius Caesar 5 years later, but he was defeated. A second attempt was made by Caesar a year later and this time he captured a small part of England. In 43 AD roman Emperor Claudius invades with 40,000 troops and is victorious, getting all of England. In 410 AD Romans withdraw from England ending their long reign. The Roman departure opened the door for the Anglo-Saxon invasion, which is often regarded as the origin of England and the English people. The Anglo-Saxons, a collection of various Germanic peoples, established several kingdoms that became the primary powers in what is now England and parts of southern Scotland. They introduced the Old English language, which displaced the previous British language. The Anglo-Saxons warred with British states in Wales and Cornwall, as well as with each other. Raids by the Vikings were frequent after about AD 800, and the Norsemen took control of large parts of what is now England since the Anglo-Saxons were tired from warring with each other. During this period several different rulers attempted to unite the various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, an effort that led to the emergence of the Kingdom of England by the 10th century.

In 1066, the Normans invaded and conquered England. The Kingdom of England was a small state until the reign of Richard I who made it a part of the Holy Roman Empire in 1194 until a long time later when Henry VIII broke from the Catholic Church, England had also conquered Wales around this time. During the Renaissance in the early 16th century, England was ruled by the Tudors which brought a lot of prosperity its way. England was then united with Scotland in the early 18th century to form the Kingdom of Great Britain. Following the Industrial Revolution, England ruled a giant Empire, one of the largest in the world. Following a process of decolonization in the 20th century the vast majority of the empire became independent, however, its cultural impact is widespread and deep in many countries of the present day.

//Historical Timeline//

**(** **5000 - 2000 BC)** Stone Age settlers arrive, crossing the English Channel, farming introduced
 * (2200 BC)** The Bleaker People construct ring of stones at Stonehenge
 * (600 - 50 BC)** Celtic peoples establish their culture throughout the British Isles
 * (55 BC)** Julius Caesar attempted invasion of Britain, forced to withdraw
 * (54 BC)** Second invasion attempt by Julius Caesar; captured St. Albans
 * (43 AD)** Roman Emperor Claudius and 40,000 troops invade and win; Britannia becomes a Roman province
 * (211 AD)** Britain divided into two parts - Britannia Superior and Britannia Inferior
 * (290 AD)** Carausius rebelled against Roman Empire, took control of Britain and North Gaul
 * (296 AD)** Emperor Caesar invades Britain, recovers it for the Roman Empire
 * (360 - 369)** Saxons from Northern Germany attacked Roman occupied Britain; Romans retained control
 * (410)** Roman troops withdrew from Britannia; Roman occupation officially over
 * (440 - 450)** Assorted tribes including the Picots, Saxons, Angles and Jutes invade unprotected Britain
 * (556)** Saxons set up seven kingdoms in Britain
 * (597)** Saint Augustine sent to Britain to convert English to Christianity
 * (613)** Anglo-Saxons conquered all of Britain; land divided into 30 kingdoms
 * (617)** Edwin, King of Northumbria, conquers England
 * (663)** Plague outbreak across British Isles
 * (668)** English Church established
 * (730 - 821)** Mercia kingdom reigns
 * (741)** York burned
 * (793)** First Viking raid on Britain at Lindisfarne
 * (802 - 839)** Kingdom of Wessex gained control of most of England
 * (866)** Vikings, the "Great Army", invaded England
 * (867)** Northumbria captured by Vikings
 * (870)** Vikings sacked York; captured Nottingham
 * (897)** King Alfred built first English fleet
 * (926)** Eastern England recaptured by Saxons
 * (980)** Vikings again invaded England
 * (994)** Danes and Norwegians attacked London
 * (1013)** Danes captured all of England, King of Danes, Sweyn, made King of England
 * (1016)** Danish King Canute became King of England
 * (1035)** King Canute died
 * (1042)** Edward I became King
 * (1066** William I crowned King of England
 * (1087)** King William I died; son, William II King
 * (1096)** The Crusades began //(lasted 150 years)//
 * (1100)** King William II killed; brother Henry I King
 * (1154)** King Henry I died; Henry II crowned King
 * (1189)** King Henry II ousted; Richard the Lionheart (//Richard I//) crowned King
 * (1199)** King Richard I died in battle; John new King
 * (1215)** Magna Carta //(the Great Charter)// completed
 * (1224)** France declared war on England
 * (1259)** Treaty of Paris signed; war with France ended
 * (1272)** Henry III died; Edward I crowned King
 * (1282 - 1283)** Edward I conquered Wales
 * (1296)** Edward I invaded Scotland; Scotland became dependent from England
 * (1298)** Edward I invaded Scotland; defeated Scots
 * (1307)** King Edward I died; Edward II succeeded to throne; withdrew from Scotland
 * (1318)** Scottish forces invaded North England
 * (1327)** Edward II abdicated throne; Edward III King
 * (1328)** Edward III made peace with Scotland; treaty of Edinburgh signed
 * (1337)** Hundred Years' War with France began
 * (1346)** English claimed first land victory in northern France of Hundred Years' War
 * (1348)** Black Death Plague ravishes England; over 50% of population dies
 * (1377)** King Edward III died; Richard II (//age 10//) crowned King
 * (1399)** King Richard II forced to resign; Henry IV crowned King
 * (1409)** Welsh surrender to England
 * (1413)** King Henry IV died; Henry V new king
 * (1415)** English defeated French at Battle of Agincourt
 * (1419)** Henry V took control of Normandy, France
 * (1422)** Henry V died; Son Henry VI (//aged nine months//) succeeded; council established to rule England
 * (1453)** Final battle of Hundred Years' War occurred at Chatillon
 * (1471)** Edward IV reclaimed crown from King Henry VI; Henry VI died
 * (1483)** King Edward IV died; dispute occurred about rightful king; Richard III crowned King
 * (1485)** Henry Tudor, descendent of Edward III, fought to take over English throne; King Richard III died during battle, Henry Tudor crowned King Henry VII
 * (1492)** Kings Henry VII of England and Charles VII of France negotiated Treaty of Etaples; Christopher Columbus discovered Bahamas
 * (1509)** King Henry VII died; King Henry VIII crowned
 * (1513)** English defeated Scots and French invasion at Battle of Flodden Field
 * (1534)** King Henry VIII formed Church of England
 * (1542)** Scottish forces attacked England at Battle of Solway; King James V of Scotland died; daughter Mary crowned Queen of Scots
 * (1547)** King Henry VIII died; Edward VI (//age nine//) became King
 * (1553)** King Edward VI died at age of 15; Mary I crowned Queen
 * (1558)** French retook Calais; Queen Mary I died; Elizabeth I crowned Queen

**(1559)** Mary, Queen of Scots, claimed her royal right to the English throne **(1565)** Walter Raleigh brought tobacco to England **(1567)** Mary, Queen of Scots, abdicated, son James declared King **(1587)** Queen Elizabeth ordered execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, for treason **(1588)** Spanish Armada sent to attack England; the English overwhelmingly defeated the Spanish fleet **(1593)** William Shakespeare's first published work **(1600)** East India Company established **(1601)** Queen Elizabeth I died; James VI of Scotland became James I of England **(1604)** Kings James I of England and Philip III of Spain signed Treaty of London, ending war **(1620)** Mayflower with Pilgrims arrived in America **(1621)** Thirty Years War began //(Protestants against Catholics)// **(1625)** King James I died; son Charles I crowned **(1654)** England declared war on Spain **(1665)** Great Plague struck London; over 75,000 died **(1666)** Great Fire of London destroyed more than 12,000 houses, 80 churches **(1685)** King Charles II died; brother James, Duke of York, crowned King James II **(1689)** William III and Mary II jointly crowned King and Queen of England **(1691)** King William III took control of Ireland **(1694)** Queen Mary II died; Bank of England established **(1714)** Queen Anne died; George Ludwig, great grandson of James I became King George I **(1727)** King George I died; son, George II new king **(1745)** French defeated Great Britain and Austria at Battle of Fontenoy **(1756)** Seven Years' War began **(1760)** King George II died; George III new king **(1763)** Treaty of Paris ended Seven Years' War **(1770)** British troops sent to American colonies; Boston Massacre occurred; British troops quickly removed from Boston **(1773)** Colonists in America dumped chests of tea into sea protesting taxes //(Boston Tea Party)// **(1775)** American Revolution began **(1781)** American Revolution ended; America won its independence **(1805)** British defeated Napoleon's French fleet at Battle of Trafalgar **(1820)** King George III died; George IV became king **(1830)** King George IV died; succeeded by brother, Duke of Clarence, as King William IV **(1832)** Cholera struck Britain, more than 20,000 died **(1834)** Charles Babbage invented mechanical calculating machine, prototype for modern computer **(1837)** King William IV died; his niece crowned Queen Victoria of Britain **(1869)** Suez Canal opened; women given right to vote in local elections **(1877)** Queen Victoria declared Empress of India **(1899 - 1902)** Boer War took place; Britain defeated South African Dutch settlers **(1901)** Queen Victoria died; son Edward VII new king **(1910)** Edward VII died; son George crowned King George V **(1912)** Titanic left Southampton, sank in North Atlantic, 1,513 people died **(1914)** World War I began **(1918)** World War I ended, one million Brits dead **(1920)** League of Nations launched **(1922)** United Kingdom became known as United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland **(1924)** John Logie Baird, Scottish engineer, invented television **(1928)** Doctor Alexander Fleming of London discovered penicillin **(1936)** King George V died; son Edward VIII crowned king, abdicated the throne to marry Mrs. Simpson (second shortest reign in English history); brother George (//George VI//) became king **(1939)** World War II began **(1945)** World War II ended **(1952)** King George VI died **(1953)** Elizabeth II crowned Queen of England **(1976)** Britain had hottest, driest summer in 250 years **(1994)** Channel Tunnel opened rail link between Britain and rest of Europe **(1997)** Princess Diana killed in auto accident in Paris **(1999)** Minimum wage introduced **(2003)** Britain joined United States-led coalition in Iraq war; 750,000 people in London staged anti-war protest ||

//Historical Enemies//      The historical enemies of England are the French who the English had the Hundred years' war with. The English have also had numerous wars with the French over the decades. Another historical enemy would be Spain.

// Historical Conflict //   **Hundred Years War (1337-1453) **   The Hundred Years War was fought between the French an the English. There are several reasons for the occurrence of the war. Firstly, Edward III of England claimed to be the legal heir to the French throne. His mother, Isobel was sister to Charles IV of France, which made Edward the only direct heir following Charles’ death. The French though, did not want an Englishman ruling over them so they ruled that the heir could not be descended from a female, and so awarded the title of King to Philip VI, a cousin of Charles IV. This angered England so they decided to take over France which wasn't a very good idea. Over a hundred long years of fighting ended in the English losing and the French still having most of their territory. **The Seven Years War (1756-1763) **  Another of the major conflicts in English history is the seven years' war with France. The reason why this was fought is because England wanted the territory east of the Ohio River in America but the French said that they already owned that area. Even though the French said this was their territory The English tried to take it anyway, this angered the French causing the to attack the English settlements. In turn the English attacked the French sending them into all out war, in the end the English won the territory. **The American Revolution (1775-1783) **  There are many reasons why the American Revolution was fought but two major reasons are the English started taxing the colonist's goods and the Tea Act which put a tax on tea which made the colonists angry and they wanted to rebel. Once the war started the English sent troops to America and fought the american troops. The battle lasted for longer then either side thought and it was very costly so in 1783 the war ended with the Treaty of Paris being signed which said that England would acknowledge that America was a free country, starting the United States. ** ﻿ **

// Map of the Country //



[ //Flag and Significance// [[image:http://www.flags.net/images/largeflags/UNKG0100.GIF height="283" align="center"]] The legend for this flag's becoming England's national flag is that Saint George slayed a dragon making him the patron saint, which is a saint who is considered to be a defender of a nation, of England during the 13th century. The red cross was his symbol so the English adopted it as their flag. Many are unaware though that this is England's flag, they think it is the Union Jack but it is for all of the United Kingdom not for England. The cool thing is though that the cross is incorporated into the Union Jack. // Traditional Culture //  England is a multi faith society in which everyone has the right to religious freedom. Although England is historically a Christian society, people are usually very tolerant towards the faiths of others and those who have no religious beliefs. A holiday would be St George's Day where the English people celebrate their patron saint of England. [[image:http://dailyqi.com/images/st%20george%20&%20dragon.jpg width="150" height="191" align="center"]] // Traditional Clothing //     A traditional suit for English men would be a bowler hat with a black suit and black pants and also a white undercoat with a tie. [[image:http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/questions/images/clothes/bowler.jpg width="198" height="314" align="center" caption="Man wearing bowler hat"]] A traditional outfit would be the Pearly King which were the leaders of the Victorian street sellers. They got their name because they wore 'pearl' buttons on their hats as a sign of authority. Later they began to wear clothes covered all over in buttons. These are now worn by men and women alike. [[image:http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/questions/london/images/pearly.jpg width="238" height="264" align="center"]] // Traditional Food //        An example of traditional food would be  Roast Beef and Yorkshire Pudding:  The traditional British Sunday lunch. Crispy on the outside, rarer inside, the beef comes with a rich gravy enhanced with its juices. Yorkshire pudding is made from a batter and was originally cooked in a tin under the rotating spit on which roast beef was cooking - the juices from the meat dripped on to it, giving a delicious flavour. Nowadays it's often cooked separately in individual portions. Roast potatoes and seasonal vegetables complete the dish, and horesradish sauce and fresh English mustard provide added spice. [[image:http://www.travelsignposts.com/images/roastbeef.jpg width="294" height="207" align="center" caption="Roast Beef and Yorkshire pudding"]] Another example would be  Fish and Chips:  Usually cod or haddock. The fish is battered and deep-fried, and served with chips (french fries) and peas. You usually season it with salt and vinegar or lemon. The trick is to get fresh fish and not frozen, and your best chance is at the seaside resorts. [[image:http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSv3ew2JDrqw6fSP1uN2V4f3E7f_krdj3SUCcX7v6it5_eHDZuExA width="308" height="223" align="center"]] My final example is  Shepherd's Pie:  A popular pub meal, the savoury meat, often with carrots added, is baked with a covering of mashed potato until crisp. [[image:http://www.travelsignposts.com/images/shepherdspie.jpg width="210" height="178" align="center" caption="Shepherd's Pie"]]
 * Red- hardiness, bravery, and strength. **
 * White- peace and honesty. **